Formation fracturing and gravel packing tool halliburton. The effect of proppant size on hydraulic fracturing by a slurry. A method of proppant pack permeability assessment 327 measurement of properties of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing and gravelpacking operations. Improvement of bottomhole cleaning after hydraulic fracturing on urengoy oil and gas condensate field as a rule at the final stage of hydraulic fracturing proppant plug compacts and creation of high density skin tale place. A companion map of producing and potential frac sand and resincoated sand source units in the conterminous u. The robustness of the proposed computational model is demonstrated through several numerical examples of typical hydraulic fracturing problems in order to investigate the behavior of the fracture propagation in the case of proppant transport. Once the formation breaks down, a fracture is formed, and the injected fluid begins moving down the fracture. The process of fracking uses specially processed sand as a proppant to allow oil or natural gas to escape from scattered shale deposites. The hydraulic fracturing and sand control project, established in 2006, consists of 26 projects 19 related to fracturing and 7 related to sand control. Hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing developments in petroleum science detlef mader on. Once all the equipment is in the oil field, time is money. Geologic formations may contain large quantities of oil or gas, but have a poor flow rate due to low permeability, or from damage or clogging of the formation during drilling. Ebook the ama handbook of business writing the ultimate guide to style grammar.
Create a simple fracture design determine the critical elements of the design make decisions that affect fracture optimization analyze hydraulic fracturing jobs course length. An investigation into proppant dynamics in hydraulic fracturing. Experimental study on additives systems used for proppant. Fracturing as discussed here is distinct from drilling, casing and cementing operations. Hydraulic fracturing is effectively regulated by numerous federal, state and local requirements. Marc mcquesten, vice president of preferred sandsdustpro, discusses proppants, market trends and environmental and health challenges related to proppants. Thoughts on the increased use of 100 mesh proppant in. The method includes the utilization of hydraulic fracturing and a fused refractory proppant in combination with control of the critical salinity rate and the critical flow velocity.
A process for controlling fines or sand in an unconsolidated or loosely consolidated formation or reservoir containing hydrocarbonaceous fluids where the reservoir is penetrated by at least one wellbore. The most commonly used materials are sand, ceramic, sandlined resin and sintered bauxite 10, 11. Apr, 2018 characterization of natural sand proppant used in hydraulic fracturing fluids article pdf available in particulate science and technology 376. It is added to a fracking fluid which may vary in composition depending on the type of fracturing used, and can be gel, foam or slickwaterbased. Enhance gravelpacking sand placement decrease the pressure drop around the well to minimize problems with asphaltine andor paraffin deposition increase the area of drainage or the amount of formation in contact with the wellbore connect the full vertical. Sand is used most often as a fracturing proppant in shallow wells. They are for use in evaluating certain physical properties used in hydraulic fracturing and gravelpacking operations. Hydraulic fracturing is, largely, a material balance process. Hydraulic fracturing frac sand sources and production in. Put simply, hydraulic fracturing is the use of fluid and material to create or restore small fractures in a formation in order to stimulate production from new and existing oil and gas wells. Hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing developments. The hydraulic fracturing process hydraulic fracturing is not a drilling technique.
Hydraulic fracturing market analysis industry report, 2024. Theories, operations, and economic analysis introduces the basic characteristics and theories surrounding hydraulic fracturing and the main process of fracturing in shale, including the main workflow, the details in case analysis, and the fundamental differences between theory, study, and practical operation. Fracturing fluids are required to be viscous enough to create a fracture of adequate width, maximize fluid travel distance to extend fracture length, transport large amounts of proppant into the fracture, and utilize gelling agents that break down to allow flowback of fluid and reduce flowback of proppant. Research institute of petroleum exploration and development of sinopec, beijing 83, china. A new fracturing proppant has been developed that exhibits the properties necessary for use in deep hydraulic fracturing. Contrary to many media reports, hydraulic fracturing is not a drilling process. Hydraulic fracturing drives proppant use to 5 million pounds in 2014 4th march 2015 advances in hydraulic fracturing, coupled with advancing horizontal drilling technology, have received much of the credit for helping revive the nations oil and natural gas production. The chemical can be pumped onthefly, during the fracturing event, and does not require special types of proppant.
Pdf characterization of natural sand proppant used in. New proppant for deep hydraulic fracturing onepetro. Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs 1st. Hydraulic fracturing design and operations guidelines. Gravel pack proppant manufacturer supplier in ahmedabad india. Cnpc great wall drilling company, beijing 100101, china 3.
Hydraulic fracturing for coal seam gas csg stimulation. The proppant increases thermal conductivity during a steamflooding process while controlling fines or sand. Analysis of proppant hydraulic fracturing in a sand oil. Hydraulic fracturing is used after the drilled hole is completed.
Hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing, volume 26. Put simply, hydraulic fracturing is the use of fluid and material to create or restore small fractures in a formation in order to. Propped fracture and gravel pack monitoring pages 843958 download pdf. It is added to a fracking fluid which may vary in composition depending on the type of fracturing used, and can be gel, foam or slickwater based. Preliminary evaluation of silica sand in sudan with respect to. The main significance of this book is its combination of technical and economical aspects to provide an integrated overview of the various applications of proppants in hydraulic fracturing, and gravel in sand control. The objective of this recommended practice is to provide a consistent methodology for testing performed on hydraulic fracturing andor gravel packing proppants. For example, formation fracturing and gravel packing operations each in part utilize slurry delivery to accomplish their objectives. The greater the leakoff volume, the less fluid available to create the hydraulic fracture. The process takes on the average, three to five days to complete. Read hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing. The materials for a gravel pack are pumped at much lower pressures than hydraulic fracturing, using less slurry, proppants, and other fracking. Recent achievements in computational modeling of hydraulic. In addition to the proppant strength, other factors that should be considered for selection proppant include size, composition and density.
As in any industry, fracking companies must meet a high level of productivity to remain profitable. Methods and apparatus for gravel packing, fracturing or. China university of petroleum, beijing 102249, china 2. Api rp 19c provides standard testing procedures for evaluating proppants used in hydraulic fracturing and gravel packing operations. Calculation method of proppant embedment depth in hydraulic fracturing. The effect of proppant size on hydraulic fracturing by a. Abstract effective proppant placement during hydraulic fracturing is essential to obtain maximum stimulation effectiveness. The procedures presented in this document are not intended to inhibit the development of new technology.
Hydraulic fracturing is the process of pumping a fluid into a wellbore at an injection rate that is too great for the formation to accept in a radial flow pattern. Experimental study on additives systems used for proppant flowback control in a hydraulic fracturing treatment. The problem with the abovementioned standard is the fact that it does describe proppant properties as a material but. Modeling of proppant transport through hydraulic fracture network a thesis in energy and mineral engineering by. Proppants mentioned henceforth in this document refer to sand, ceramic media, resincoated proppants, gravel packing media and other materials used for hydraulic fracturing and gravel packing operations. Calculation method of proppant embedment depth in hydraulic. Hydraulic fracturing should not be placed exclusively under the purview of the safe drinking water act sdwa or any other federal statute. Hydraulic fracturing industry is anticipated to witness stable growth in tight gas and coal bed methane cbm basins over the next few years. Your preferred chinese ceramic proppant supplier ceramic proppant is a kind of sintered bauxite products, also well known as ceramic sand. Characterization of natural sand proppant used in hydraulic fracturing fluids article pdf available in particulate science and technology 376. Economic considerations have driven the industry to find ways to determine the optimal type, size and concentration of proppant that would enhance fracture conductivity and improve well performance. Effective proppant placement during hydraulic fracturing is essential to obtain maximum stimulation effectiveness. Enhance gravel packing sand placement decrease the pressure drop around the well to minimize problems with asphaltine and or paraffin deposition increase the area of drainage or the amount of formation in contact with the wellbore connect the full vertical extent of a reservoir to a slanted or horizontal well. These tests should enable users to compare the physical characteristics of various proppants tested under the described conditions and to select materials useful for hydraulic fracturing and gravel packing operations.
Economic considerations have driven the industry to find ways to determine the optimal type, size and concentration of proppant that would enhance fracture. Fracturing for sand control society of petroleum engineers. They are for use in evaluating certain physical properties used in hydraulic fracturing and gravel packing operations. Purchase hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing, volume 26 1st edition. Many aspects of hydraulic proppant fracturing have changed since its innovation in 1947. Free download hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing pdf 1. Hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing developments in petroleum science. Hydraulic fracturing is the process of creating the fracture and placing proppant into the fracture. In each of these operations, downhole fluid pressure at the point at which the slurry interfaces with the formation should be maintained within an appropriate range and varied as conditions dictate, and a fluid. This chapter discusses technological aspects of the enhancement of oil and gas production by approaching marginal reservoirs by hydraulic proppant fracturing or carrying out unconventional stimulation jobs in europe and other international markets containment of fracture propagation in thin sandstones, proppant saturation and conductivity improvement, targets of unconventional gas. Hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing, volume 26 1st. Recommended practice for measurement of and specifications.
A proppant is a solid material, typically sand, treated sand or manmade ceramic materials, designed to keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracturing treatment. An investigation into proppant dynamics in hydraulic. This proppant is produced by precuring a specially modified phenolformaldehyde resin onto sand. Each section contains proppant specifications and replaces api 19c, first edition. Nonradioactive tracer tagged proppant technology has been used successfully in over 200 vertical wells to obtain fracture height and gravel pack coverage, but had yet to be modeled or tested in horizontal wells, where the borehole and fracture geometry is radically different. Jun 15, 2004 a combined fracturing and gravel packing operation involves pumping gravel or proppant into the perforations at rates and pressures that exceed the parting pressure of the formation. Proppants used in hydraulic fracturing and gravelpacking operations api rp 19d, recommended practice for measuring the longterm conductivity of proppants api rp 49, recommended practice for drilling and well servicing operations involving hydrogen sulfide.
Chen ming 1, zhang shicheng 1, liu ming 2, ma xinfang 1, zou yushi 1, zhou tong 3, li ning 1, li sihai 1. Recommended practice for testing sand used in gravel packing operations. Hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing, volume. A combined fracturing and gravelpacking operation involves pumping gravel or proppant into the perforations at rates and pressures that exceed the parting pressure of the formation. Hydraulic fracturing drives proppant use to 5 million. Effective hydraulic fracturing relies on the ability to isolate a section.
Benefits of energized solutions in fracturing linde gas. Us4852650a hydraulic fracturing with a refractory proppant. In addition, there may be unconventional fracking fluids. Hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing detlef. This chapter discusses technological aspects of the enhancement of oil and gas production by approaching marginal reservoirs by hydraulic proppant fracturing or carrying out unconventional stimulation jobs in europe and other international markets containment of fracture propagation in thin sandstones, proppant saturation and conductivity improvement, targets of unconventional gas stimulation.
Proppant types and properties proppants materials can be grouped into three main categories fig. Sand coated with an uncured thermoset resin must be placed at a relatively low temperature. In addition, threedimensional fracture simulators became the common tool for fracture design and analyses. The volume of fluid both with and without proppant pumped into a well must go somewhere either into a created hydraulic fracture or into leakoff into the formation. The hydraulic fracturing and sand control project, established in 2006, consists of 29 projects 22 related to fracturing and 7 related to sand control. As mentioned, new fluid systems became available as gel loadings were reduced as better crosslinkers were developed, a significant step in reducing gel damage to the proppant pack. Hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs 1st edition. Methods and apparatus for gravel packing, fracturing or frac. The application of sand coated with uncured thermoset resin for both gravel packing and fracturing has met with varied success. Hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing developments in petroleum science mader, detlef on.
These tests should enable users to compare the physical characteristics of various proppants tested under the described conditions and to select materials useful for hydraulic fracturing and gravelpacking operations. Std 65 part 2 isolating potential flow zones during well construction, 2nd edition, december 2010, api. This type of process has several limitations to successful application. The fracture provides stimulation and enhances the effectiveness of the gravelpack operation in eliminating sand production. Understanding proppant placement requires the understanding of the time and space dependent dynamics of proppant motion in fluids, which include the phenomena of proppant transport, bridging, settling, and resuspension. Oct 03, 2000 for example, formation fracturing and gravel packing operations each in part utilize slurry delivery to accomplish their objectives. It is a technology used to enhance the flow of gasoil from a well, once the drilling is completed and the drilling rig is removed from the site. The problem with the abovementioned standard is the fact that it does describe proppant properties as a material but it does not give information on the performance. The objective of this document is to provide a consistent methodology for testing performed on hydraulic fracturing andor gravel. Proppants and their role in hydraulic fracturing marc mcquesten, vice president of preferred sandsdustpro, discusses proppants, market trends and environmental and health challenges related to proppants. This paper details the development and use of a novel chemicalbased system as a means of proppant consolidation. Hydraulic proppant fracturing and gravel packing by d. Critical geomechanics concepts for hydraulic fracturing and well completions in shales neal nagel1. Critical geomechanics concepts for hydraulic fracturing.